References

Aalberg, T., Strömbäck, J. & de Vreese, C. H. (2011). The framing of politics as strategy and game: A review of concepts, operationalizations and key findings. Journalism, 13(2), 162-178. DOI: 10.1177/1464884911427799.

Abdullah, A., Cudjoe, E. & Frederico, M. (2018). Barriers to children’s participation in child protection practice: The views and experiences of practitioners in Ghana. Children Australia, 43(4), 267-275.

Adonteng-Kissi, O. (2018a). Causes of child labour: Perceptions of rural and urban parents in Ghana. Children and Youth Services Review, 91, 55-65.

Adonteng-Kissi, O. (2018b). Parental perceptions of child labour and human rights: A comparative study of rural and urban Ghana. Child Abuse and Neglect, 34-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.017.

Adonteng-Kissi, O. (2021a). Parental perceptions of the nature of child labour in rural and urban Ghana: Cultural versus economic necessity. Child Care in Practice. DOI: 10.1080/13575279.2020.1868407.

Adonteng-Kissi, O. (2021b). Child labour versus realising children’s right to provision, protection, and participation in Ghana. Australian Social Work, 74(4), 464-479. DOI: 0.1080/0312407X.2020.1742363.

Afenyadu, D. (2010). Child labor in fisheries and aquaculture, a Ghanaian perspective. In: FAO workshop on child labor in fisheries and aquaculture in cooperation with ILO, 1–15.

Afranie, S., Gyan, E. S. & Tsiboe-Darko, A. (2019). Child marriage in Ghana: Who cares? Ghana Social Science Journal, 16(2), 19-45.

Afriyie, L. T.,  Saeed, B. I. I & Alhassan, A. (2018). Determinants of child labour practices in Ghana. Journal of Public Health: From Theory to Practice.                 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-018-0935-3.

Agbenya, L. (2009). Child labor trafficking in the Lake Volta fishery of Ghana: A case study of Ogetse in the Krachi west district of the Volta region (Master’s thesis, University of Tromso, Norway). Retrieved from http://munin.uit.no/

Ahmed, I. (1999). Getting rid of child labour. Economic and Political Weekly, 34(27), 1815-1822.

Ahonsi, B., Fuseini, K., Nai, D., Goldson, E., Owusu, S., Ndifuna, I., Humes, I. & Tapsoba, P. L. (2019). Child marriage in Ghana: evidence from a multi-method study. BMC Women’s Health, 19 (126). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-019-0823-1.

Al-Hassan, S. & Abubakari, A. (2015). Child rights, child labour and Islam: The case of Muslims in the Tamale metropolis, Ghana. International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 5(2), 27-36.

Bales, K. (2005). Understanding global slavery: A reader. Los Angeles: University of California Press.

Bateson, G. (1954). Steps to an Ecology of Mind. New York: Ballentine.

Barry, C. L., Jarlenski, M., Grob, R., Schlesinger, M. & Gollust, S. E. (2011). News media framing of childhood obesity in the United States from 2000 to 2009. Pediatrics, 128(1), 132-145.

Berlan, A. (2003). Child Labour, Education and Child Rights Among Cocoa Producers in Ghana. In: van den Anker, C. ed 2003. The Political Economy of New Slavery. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 158-178.

Berlan, A. (2013). Social sustainability in agriculture: An anthropological perspective on child labour in cocoa production in Ghana. The Journal of Development Studies, 49(8), 1088-1100. DOI: 10.1080/00220388.2013.780041.

Brown, S., Souto‐Manning, M. & Laman, T. T. (2010). Seeing the strange in the familiar: Unpacking racialized practices in early childhood settings. Race Ethnicity and Education, 13(4), 513-532.

Campbell, S., Smith, K. & Alexander, K. (2017). Spaces for gender equity in Australian early childhood education in/between discourses of human capital and feminism. Australasian Journal of Early Childhood, 42(3), 54-62.

Chawla, L. Ed. (2001). Growing Up in an Urbanising World. London: Earthscan/UNESCO.

Cudjoe, E. & Abdullah, A. (2019). Parental participation in child protection practice: The experiences of parents and workers in Ghana. Qualitative Social Work, 18(4), 693-709.

Cudjoe, E., Abdullah, A. and Chua, A. A. (2020a). Children’s participation in child protection practice in Ghana: Practitioners’ recommendations for practice. Journal of Social Service Research, 46(4), 462-474.

Cudjoe, E., Uggerhøj, L. & Abdullah, A. (2020b). ‘We are consultants, not collaborators’: Young people’s experiences with child protection meetings in Ghana. Children and Youth Services Review, 109, 104748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104748.

Dalkilic, M. &Vadeboncoeur, J. A. (2016). Regulating the child in early childhood education: The paradox of inclusion. Global Studies of Childhood, 6(1), 17-30.

de Groot, R., Kuunyem, M. Y. & Palermo, T. (2018). Child marriage and associated outcomes in northern Ghana: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1-12.

de Vreese, C. H., Peter, J. and Semetko, H. A. (2001). Framing politics at the launch of the euro: A cross-national comparative study of frames in the news. Political communication, 18(2), 107-122.

Entman, R. M. (2004). Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Entman, R. M. (2010). Media framing biases and political power: Explaining slant in news of campaign 2008. Journalism, 11(4), 389-408.

Evison, J. (2010). What are the basics of analysing a corpus? In: O’Keeffe, A. & McCarthy, M. (Eds.) The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. London and New York: Routledge, 122-135.

Frimpong, A., Oppong, S. Y., Babah, P. A., Mensah, R. O., Acquah, A. & Acheampong, J. W. (2021). Concepts, causes and institutional response to child labour in Ghana: A socio-economic review. Journal of Economic Research and Reviews, 1(1), 1-6.

Gabrielatos, C. & Baker, P. (2008). Fleeing, sneaking, flooding: a corpus analysis of discursive constructions of refugees and asylum seekers in the UK press 1996-2005. Journal of English Linguistics, 36(5), 5-38.

Goffman, E. (1972). Frame Analysis. New York: Harper and Row.

Golo, H. K. (2005). Poverty and child trafficking in Ghana: A study of the fishing sector. M.A.thesis. Institute of Social Studies.

Hamenoo, E. S. & Sottie, C. A. (2015). Stories from Lake Volta: The lived experiences of trafficked children in Ghana. Journal of Child Abuse & Neglect, 40, 103-112.

Hamenoo, E. S., Dwomoh, E. A. & Dako-Gyeke, M. (2018). Child labour in Ghana: Implications for children’s education and health. Children and Youth Services Review, 93, 248-254.

Hart, R. A. (1992). Children’s Participation: From Tokenism to Citizenship. Florence: UNICEF.

Hart, R. A. (1994). Children’s role in primary environmental care. Childhood, 2(1/2), 92-102.

Hilson, G. (2010). Child labour in African artisanal mining communities: Experiences from Northern Ghana. Development and Change, 41(3), 445-473.

Human Trafficking Act, 2005 (Act 694) (Ghana).

Hunston, S. (2010). How can corpus be used to explore patterns?. In: O’Keeffe, A. & McCarthy, M. (Eds.) The Routledge Handbook of Corpus Linguistics. London and New York: Routledge, 152-166.

Ibrahim, S. & Komulainen, S. (2016). Physical punishment in Ghana and Finland: Criminological, sociocultural, human rights and child protection implications. International Journal of Human Rights and Constitutional Studies, 4(1), 54-74.

International Labour Organisation (ILO). What is Child Labor? Accessed 12 February 2022, from: https://www.ilo.org/ipec/facts/lang–en/index.htm.

Issahaku, P. A. (2019). Raising the future leaders: An analysis of child and family welfare policy in Ghana. Journal of Public Child Welfare, 13(2), 148-169.

Johansen, R. (n.d.). Child trafficking in Ghana. https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/frontpage/child-trafficking-in-ghana.html.

Kjørholt, A. T. (2002). Small is powerful: Discourses on ‘children and participation’ in Norway. Childhood, 9(1), 63-82.

Kjørholt, A. T. (2003). Creating a place to belong’: Girls’ and boys’ hutbuilding as a site for understanding discourses on childhood and generational relations in a Norwegian community. Children’s Geographies, 1(1), 261-279. DOI: 10.1080/14733280302178.

Koomson, I. & Asongu, S. A. (2016). Relative contribution of child labour to household farm and non‐farm income in Ghana: Simulation with child’s education. African Development Review, 28(1), 104-115.

Koomson, B., Manful, E., Yeboah, E. H. & Dapaah, J. M. (2021). “Work socialisation gone wrong? Exploring the antecedent of child trafficking in two Ghanaian fishing communities”. Children’s Geographies, 1-12.

Koomson, B., Manful, E., Dapaah, J. M. & Yeboah, E. H. (2022). I agreed to go because…..: Examining the agency of children within a phenomenon conceptualised as trafficking in Ghana. Children & Society, 36(1), 101-117.

Lawrence, R. G. (2000). Game-framing the issues: Tracking the strategy frame in public policy news. Political Communication, 17(2), 93-114.

Manful, E., Cudjoe, E. & Abdullah, A. (2020). Towards child-inclusive practices in child protection in Ghana: Perspectives from parents. Children and Youth Services Review, 119, 105594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105594

Mayer, W.G. (1996). In defence of negative campaigning. Political Science Quarterly, 111(3), 437-455.

McEnery, T. & Hardie, A. (2012). Corpus linguistics: Method, Theory and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Mchakulu, J. E. Z. (2011). Framing political communication in an African context: A comparative analysis of post-election newspaper editorials and parliamentary speeches in Malawi (PhD thesis). University of Leicester.

Miljeteig, P. (1994). Children’s involvement in the implementation of their own rights: Present and future perspectives. Paper presented at Symposium on the Social and Psychological Implications of the UN Convention of the Rights of the Child, International Society for the Study of Behavioural Development XIIIth Biennal Meetings, Amsterdam.

Moss, P., Dillon, J. & Statham, J. (2000). The ‘child in need’ and ‘the rich child’: discourses, constructions and practice. Critical Social Policy, 20(2), 233-254.

Müller, A. (2016). Framing Childhood in Eighteenth-Century English Periodicals and Prints, 1689-1789. London: Routledge.

Nielsen, A. S. (2021). Saving racialized children through good schooling: Media discourses on racialized children’s schooling as a site for upholding danish whiteness. Nordic Journal of Studies in Educational Policy, 7(3), 200-208. DOI: 10.1080/20020317.2021.1980275.

Pacini-Ketchabaw, V., White, J. & de Almeida, A. A. (2006). Racialization in early childhood: A critical analysis of discourses in policies. International Journal of Educational Policy, Research and Practice, 7, 95-113.

Pacini-Ketchabaw, V. & de Almeida, A. A. (2006). Language discourses and ideologies at the heart of early childhood education. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 9(3), 310-341. DOI: 10.1080/13670050608668652.

Partington, A. (2010). Modern diachronic corpus-assisted discourse studies (MD-CADS) on UK newspapers: An overview of the project. Corpora, 5(2), 83-108.

Pearce, M. (2014). Key function words in a corpus of UK election manifestos. Linguistik Online, 65 (3), 23–44.

Rafferty, Y. (2013). Child trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation: A review of promising prevention policies and programs. American journal of orthopsychiatry, 83(4), 559.

Reese, S. D. (2001). Prologue – Framing public life: A bridging model for media research. In: Reese, S. D., Gandy Jr., O. H. & Grant, A. E. (Eds.) 2001. Framing Public Life. Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 7-31.

Salah, R. (2001). Child trafficking in west and central Africa. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/media/newsnotes/africchildtraffick.pdf.

Sarfo, E. A., Salifu Yendork, J. & Naidoo, A. V. (2020). Understanding child marriage in hana: the constructions of gender and sexuality and implications for married girls. Child Care in Practice, 1-14.

Sarfo-Kantankah, K. S. (2018). Corruption is a big issue: A corpus-assisted study of the discursive construction of corruption in Ghanaian parliamentary discourse. Legon Journal of the Humanities, 29(1), 226-258.

Sarfo-Kantankah, K. S. (2021). The discursive construction of men and women in Ghanaian parliamentary discourse: A corpus-based study. Ampersand, 8, 100079.

Sarfo-Kantankah, K. S. (2022). Gender-based violence in Ghanaian parliamentary debates: a corpus-assisted discourse analysis”. Critical Approaches to Discourse Analysis Across Disciplines, 14(1), 1-21.

Schuck, A. R. & de Vreese, C. H. (2006). Between risk and opportunity: News framing and its effects on public support for EU enlargement. European Journal of Communication, 21(1), 5-32.

Sertich, M. & Heemskerk, M. (2011). Ghana’s human trafficking act: Successes and shortcomings in six years of implementation. Human Rights Brief, 19(1), 1.

Sinclair, J. M. (1991). Corpus, Concordance and Collocation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sinclair, J. (2004). Trust the Text. London: Routledge.

Slee, R. (2014). Discourses of inclusion and exclusion: Drawing wider margins. Power and Education, 6(1), 7-17.

Smith, K. (2014). Discourses of childhood safety: What do children say? European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 22(4), 525-537, DOI: 10.1080/1350293X.2014.947834.

Smolin, D. M. (2004). Intercountry adoption as child trafficking. Valparaiso University Law Review, 39, 281.

Strömbäck, J. & Dimitrova, D. V. (2006). Political and media systems matter: A comparison of election news coverage in Sweden and the United States. Harvard     International Journal of Press/Politics, 11(4), 131-147.

Taylor Crabbe, (2020). Child labour laws and policies in Ghana with specific emphasis on the cocoa sector. Forest Trends and Fern. https://www.forest-trends.org/wpcontent/uploads/2020/06/Ghana_Cocoa_Child_Labor_web_REV.pdf

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989. https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx.

van Hear, N. (1982). Child labour and the development of capitalist agriculture in Ghana. Development and Change, 13(4), 499-514.

Warming, H. (2011). Inclusive discourses in early childhood education? International Journal of Inclusive Education, 15(2), 233-247. DOI: 10.1080/13603110902783365.

Weiss, G. &Wodak, R. 2007. Introduction: theory, interdisciplinarity and critical discourse analysis. In: Weiss, G. & Wodak, R. (Eds.) Critical Discourse Analysis: Theory and Interdisciplinarity. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

World Bank Group. (2015). World development report 2015: Mind, society, and behavior. Washington, DC: World Bank. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/20597.

Yaya, S., Odusina, E. K. & Bishwajit, G. (2019). Prevalence of child marriage and its impact on fertility outcomes in 34 sub-Saharan African countries. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 19(1), 1-11.

Zelizer, V. (2005). The priceless child revisited. In: Qvortrup, J. Studies in Modern Childhood. United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan, 184-200.